Is Return Migration a Solution? A Social Psychological Review of Reintegration, Belonging, and Psychological Well-Being

Abstract

Return migration extends beyond physical relocation to the country of origin and requires the reconstruction of identity, belonging, social acceptance, and psychological well-being. This theoretical narrative review integrates research on voluntary and forced return through perceived decision-making power, social identity, liminality, reacculturation, reverse culture shock, and social capital. The literature indicates that voluntariness is best understood as a continuum shaped by pressure, viable alternatives, and participation in decision-making. Physical return does not automatically restore belonging or psychological adjustment; outcomes depend on preparedness, safety, livelihoods, social acceptance, support networks, and access to institutions. Distinct challenges faced by later-generation returnees, forcibly displaced people, children, and older adults further demonstrate the limits of standardised return policies. Sustainable reintegration therefore requires informed participation, long-term psychosocial support, access to essential services, and inclusive social relations rather than the administrative completion of return alone.